【導讀】華圖甘肅教師招聘考試網同步華圖教育發布： 2020甘肅教師招聘中學英語：如何用教育心理學理論武裝英文寫作（6）, 詳細信息請閱讀下文!如有疑問請加【2022教師交流群】 ，更多資訊請關注甘肅華圖微信公眾號(gshtjy),甘肅教師招聘考試_教師資格證培訓咨詢電話：0931-8186071,新浪微博@甘肅華圖，微信號：gshtjy420（點擊查看全省咨詢微信號）

　　在《如何用教育心理學理論武裝我們的英文寫作》之前的系列文章中，華圖教師為廣大考生梳理了相關理論，如暈輪效應、刻板效應等，它們可用于闡述為什么人們會對特定的人、特定的事、現象產生某種傾向性的觀點的;為了幫助大家儲備更多適用的教育心理學理論，本篇繼續推薦寫作中的高頻理論，一起來學習吧。

　　近因效應( recency effect)

　　Ø中文含義:

　　指最近獲得的信息給人留下深刻的印象和強烈的影響。在于熟悉的人的交往中，近因效應起很大的作用，在熟人的行為上表現出來的某種新異性，會影響或改變對這個人的原有看法，可以幫助人改變第一印象的影響，我們認識一個人既要看他過去的行為，更要看他現在的表現。(1.幫助記憶、2. 改變第一印象)

　　Ø英文釋義:

　　Given a list of items to remember, we will tend to remember the last few things more than those things in the middle. We also tend to assume that items at the end of the list are of greater importance or significance. The recency effect has most effect in repeated persuasion messages when there is a delay between the messages.If you want something to stand out in a person’s mind, use it at the end of a conversation, a written list. Don’t let it get lost in the middle. Repeat the message after a while, still with the key items at the end.

　　Ø實戰應用：

　　1. 教育相關

　　a.近因效應在教學中的應用-學生評價-教師形象

　　Both students and teachers are prone torecency effect, in which the latest performance of someone can alter previously formed opinion about him or her. In accordance with the inspiration enlightened through therecency effect, teachers should avoid negative teaching strategy. For instance, whenanunderachiever/a backward studentmakes some progress, to which the teacher should make no hesitation to sing praise. That does considerable good to changing the previously negative image harbored for him. For the teachers themselves, they are also expected to exercise strict discipline and maintain a good teacher’s image persistently.

　　教師要充分發揮近因效應的積極作用、避免消極影響的教學策略，如對一個(underachiever/backward student/poor students)取得的成就，老師要積極正面的評價，這有利于改變其對自身以及其他同學對他的負面評價，從而激發起學習的自信心和積極性。教師要嚴于律己、自始至終在學生中樹立良好形象。學高為師、身正為范(rich knowledge and high moral integrity)。

　　b. 近因效應對教學內容安排的啟示

　　Using Recency for Effective Learning

　　When you approach learning, apply the principle of recency by doing the following:

　　Review frequently.

　　Summarize to help fix the material you learned in your mind.

　　Restate, repeat, and reemphasize.

　　(2)The sequence of learning matters. We can maximize the retention of the information in a lesson by being aware and using the ideal times – the beginning and end of the lesson. “Use Primacy by doing research as soon as you discover an area where learning must take place. Then reinforce what you have learned by applying as soon as possible after the learning session.”

　　2. 社會相關(整容)

　　The viral popularity of plastic surgery

　　More and more people are opting for plastic surgery, assuming that “improving their appearance they can increase their competitiveness in the job market.” Despite the warning given by experts and the media for youngsters to be cautious as well as their repeated emphasis on the inner beauty or the mind. But psychological experiments seems to support the assumption that “the good-looking are more likely to succeed than people with average looks in getting help, higher salaries, promotions and praise.”

　　Despite this, we cannot conclude that good looks decide everything and that inner beauty is useless.

　　First, "getting more help" doesn't equal "success"…

　　Second, besides "primacy effect", "recency effect" also plays a role in influencing people's judgment. The first impression reflects primacy effect in social interaction, which has a significant impact on people's judgment. In recency effect, people tend to make judgments on the latest information they get. The two effects exist together, which means a person has countless chances to revise his/her impression after the first impression.

　　Third, interpersonal attraction doesn't rely only on good looks. …

　　系列位置效應(serial position effect)

　　Ø中文含義：

　　是指記憶材料在系列位置中所處的位置對記憶效果發生的影響，包括首因效應和近因效應。在系列學習中，在一系列處于不同位置的記憶材料回憶效果不同;系列位置效應就是這種接近開頭和末尾的記憶材料的記憶效果好于中間部分的記憶效果的趨勢。其開頭和結尾記憶效果較好，分別叫首因效應和近因效應，

　　Ø英文釋義

　　Serial position effectis the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a seriesbest, and the middle items worst. That recallaccuracy varies as a function of an item's position within a study list.When asked to recall a list of items in any order (free recall), people tend to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best (the recency effect).

　　Ø實戰應用: application of serial position effect

　　Teach and/or learn new material first.

　　New information and closureare best presented during theprime-time periods.

　　Practice (labs/activity) is appropriate for the down-time segment.

　　Lessons divided into 20 minute segments are more productive than one continuous lesson.

　　Do not dwell on what you do not know, but dwell instead on what you have learned.

　　Make sure you begin and end your study session with the most important information.

　　This can play an important role in knowledge acquisition and can also be a factor when performing tests to assess cognitive function. Studies on this effect may be useful for activities like the development of effective advertising materials,where the advertiser wants the target to take key information away after exposure to an ad.

　　教育心理學理論眾多，考生可在平時備考過程中有意識地積累，并嘗試在練習過程中結合相關話題，進行靈活實踐。最后，華圖教育衷心祝愿廣大考生能夠成功邁出教師之路第一步，早日實現教師夢!

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